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Assessing The Impact Of The Green Anglican Movement On Household Climate Resilience In Kaiti, Makueni County
One of the measures Anglican churches have taken to become more climate-resilient through their environmental stewardship is through the Green Anglican Movement (GAME). The study assessed the effectiveness of GAME initiatives in improving the climate resilience of Kaiti in Makueni County, Kenya. The study specifically focused on the effects of awareness programmes as well as tree planting, waste management, and clean energy training on household climate resilience. This study used a mixed method in which both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied. A sample of 682 members of the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) from the Ukia Deanery was selected via stratified and purposive sampling techniques, of which 215 participants were targeted. The data collected were both quantitative and qualitative with the help of structured questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, linear regression, and thematic analysis. The results indicated that awareness programs had a positive and significant impact on climate resilience (β = 0.350, p < 0.05), while education about tree planting had a more positive and significant effect (β = 0.410, p < 0.01). Both waste management training (β = 0.320, p < 0.05) and clean energy training (β = 0.406, p < 0.05) also had significant positive impacts on household resilience. In conclusion, the study argues that faith-based environmental programs help advance environmental sustainability and community climate resilience. Keywords: Climate resilience, Green Anglican Movement, Faith-based environmental stewardship, Tree planting, Clean energy, Waste management, Kenya.
Strategic Management Competitive Practices and Performance of Agro-Processing Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya
Agro-processing Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi City County play a significant role in Kenya's economy through employment generation and food security enhancement. Despite their strategic importance, these enterprises face persistent performance limitations due to inefficiencies in strategic management competitive practices. This study examined the influence of strategic planning, competitive analysis, resource allocation, and adaptability to changing market environments on the performance of agro-processing SMEs in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was grounded in theoretical frameworks including the Balanced Scorecard Theory, Resource-Based View Theory, and Dynamic Capabilities Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 177 registered agro-processing SMEs. A sample of 123 enterprises was selected using simple random sampling techniques. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires administered to business owners and managers, achieving a response rate of 87.0% with 107 completed questionnaires returned. Data analysis employed descriptive and inferential statistical methods including correlation and multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 26. The findings revealed strong positive correlations between all strategic management competitive practices and SME performance. Multiple regression analysis showed that the four predictors collectively explained 79.6% of the variance in SME performance (R² = 0.796, F = 99.156, p < 0.001). All individual predictors made statistically significant contributions, with adaptability emerging as the strongest predictor (β = 0.293, p < 0.001), followed by competitive analysis (β = 0.246, p < 0.001), resource allocation (β = 0.219, p = 0.001), and strategic planning (β = 0.209, p = 0.002). The study concludes that strategic management competitive practices significantly influence the performance of agro-processing SMEs. The study recommends that SMEs should enhance competitive positioning through integrated strategic approaches. Policymakers should design support programs that strengthen strategic management capabilities. Future research should investigate technological adoption and external financing access as moderators of strategic practice effectiveness. Keywords: Strategic Management, Competitive Practices, Performance, Agro-Processing, Small Medium Enterprises
Unlocking Entrepreneurial Success Through Business Incubation: The Mediating Effect of Innovation Capability
Entrepreneurship plays a critical role in promoting innovation, employment creation, and economic growth. Despite increasing investments in business incubation programs, many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) continue to experience low entrepreneurial performance, suggesting that the mechanisms through which incubation support enhances business success remain insufficiently understood. This study examined the effect of business incubator support on entrepreneurial success and investigated the mediating role of innovation capability among SMEs in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study was anchored on the Resource-Based View, Knowledge-Based View, and Dynamic Capabilities Theory, which posit that competitive advantage is achieved through the acquisition, development, and effective deployment of strategic resources and capabilities. An explanatory cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Primary data was collected from SME owner managers using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and mediation was assessed using bootstrapping procedures. The results revealed that business incubator support had a significant positive effect on innovation capability while innovation capability significantly enhanced entrepreneurial success. Business incubator support also exerted a significant direct effect on entrepreneurial success. Furthermore, innovation capability significantly mediated the relationship between business incubator support and entrepreneurial performance, indicating partial mediation. The findings demonstrate that the influence of business incubation on entrepreneurial performance is achieved largely through strengthening SMEs' innovation capability. The study concludes that innovation capability is a strategic mechanism through which business incubation creates entrepreneurial value. It recommends that county governments, universities, and development partners strengthen innovation-oriented incubation programs by emphasizing mentorship, technology transfer, digital skills, collaborative networking, and product development. The study contributes to entrepreneurship literature by providing empirical evidence on the capability-building process linking business incubation to entrepreneurial performance within the context of SMEs in an emerging economy. Keywords: Business incubator support; innovation capability; entrepreneurial performance.
Sustainable Procurement Practices and Performance of State Corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya
State corporations play a critical role in Kenya's economic development, yet their performance continues to be undermined by inefficiencies in procurement management, corruption, lack of transparency, and weak supplier governance frameworks. Despite the existence of the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act and related regulatory frameworks, sustainable procurement practices remain inconsistently implemented across state corporations in Nairobi City County, creating significant performance gaps in service delivery, cost management, and organizational accountability. This study examined the effect of sustainable procurement practices on the performance of state corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya, focusing on four key dimensions: procurement planning, information technology, supplier selection, and procurement ethical issues. The study was grounded in Principal-Agency Theory, Institutional Theory, and Legitimacy Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 187 employees across 243 state corporations drawn from procurement, top management, marketing, accounts and finance, and human resource departments. Using Yamane's formula, a sample of 151 respondents was selected through proportionate stratified random sampling. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 29 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The study established that all four sustainable procurement practice dimensions positively and significantly influence state corporation performance, collectively explaining 87.7% of the variance in organizational performance. Procurement planning emerged as the strongest individual predictor, followed by procurement ethical issues, supplier selection, and information technology. While procurement planning and supplier management contributed positively to efficiency and cost savings, gaps remained in stakeholder engagement and policy clarity. Information technology enhanced data management and strategic decision-making, though its full potential in resource allocation remained inconsistently realized. Ethical procurement practices were recognized as critical for transparency and organizational integrity, but oversight mechanisms and ethics training effectiveness appeared inconsistent. The study recommends strengthening stakeholder engagement frameworks, institutionalizing advanced IT systems, establishing robust ethical oversight mechanisms, and refining supplier collaboration strategies to drive sustainable procurement success in Nairobi City County state corporations. Keywords: Sustainable procurement practices, performance, state corporations, Nairobi City County, Kenya
Strategic Response and Competitive Advantage of Telecommunication Firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya
Strategic response is used to improve competitiveness in organizations. Innovation has been adopted as a strategic response to volatile business environments. However, business sustainability in highly competitive markets remains a challenge for many businesses in Kenya. This study examined strategic response and competitive advantage of telecommunication firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to establish how process automation, product development, market development and strategic alliances influence competitive advantage of telecommunication firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The theories that supported this study include diffusion of innovation theory, resource-based theory, economic entrepreneurship theory and theory of the innovative firm. Descriptive research design was used with questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. Reliability of the study instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha, internal consistency method. Validity of the research instrument was determined using content, face and construct validity. Data was collected from 64 telecommunication firms in Nairobi City County. The unit of observation was strategic managers, marketing managers and information technology managers in the telecommunication firms. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 28 and presented in form of frequencies, descriptive and inferential statistics which will be used to derive conclusions. The study conducted a multiple regression analysis to determine the relationship between strategic response and competitive advantage of telecommunication firms. Correlation results revealed that strategic response influences competitive advantage of telecommunication firms in Nairobi City County. The results indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between product development, market development, strategic alliances and competitive advantage. The study recommends adoption of strategic response in telecommunication firms to improve competitive advantage. Keywords: Strategic Response and Competitive Advantage of Telecommunication Firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya
Strategic International Human Resource Management (SIHRM) Practices as Predictors of Internationalization in African Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Review
Strategic International Human Resource Management (SIHRM) practices are increasingly recognized as critical drivers of internationalization of African Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, synthesized 70 studies from an initial 1,704 records across five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ERIC, ProQuest). Grounded in the Resource-Based View (RBV), Bartlett and Ghoshal's Transnational Model, and Institutional Theory, the study identifies five SIHRM practices that predict internationalization outcomes in HEIs: strategic recruitment and selection; training and development; performance management; retention and talent management; and cross-cultural development. These practices predict four internationalization outcomes: staff and student physical and virtual mobility; strategic research and innovation partnerships; internationalization of the curriculum and harmonization of quality assurance frameworks. The study concludes that SIHRM practices significantly predict internationalization, but their effectiveness depends on contextual factors examined separately. Virtual mobility offers a viable, inclusive pathway for resource-constrained African HEIs. Policy harmonization, digital infrastructure investment, increased funding, and HR reforms are urgently recommended. Keywords: Strategic Human Resource Management Practices, Internationalization and African Higher Education Institutions.
Entrepreneurial Elements and Performance of Small and Medium Tea Farming Enterprises in Murang’a County, Kenya
Performance is a critical indicator of organizational success, encompassing the effectiveness of organizational processes, systems, and human resources. Entrepreneurship has been recognized as a key driver of organizational performance by enhancing competitiveness, innovation, and business sustainability. Despite Murang'a County generating approximately KES 17.8 billion in smallholder tea earnings in 2024, the performance and long-term sustainability of small and medium tea farming enterprises remain inconsistent, with entrepreneurial attributes such as creativity, innovation, risk-taking, and networking receiving limited scholarly attention in this context. This study therefore examined the relationship between entrepreneurial elements, creativity, innovation, risk-taking propensity, and entrepreneurial networking, and the performance of small and medium tea farming enterprises in Murang'a County, Kenya. The study was guided by the Entrepreneurial Creativity Theory, Schumpeterian Theory of Innovation, Knight's Theory of Risk, and Stakeholder Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted, and primary data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to 341 respondents selected through simple random sampling from 2,300 registered tea farming enterprises. Entrepreneurs, farm managers, and land administrators served as units of observation. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28, employing descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, alongside Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. The findings revealed that creativity had the strongest positive and significant correlation with performance (r = 0.561, p = 0.000), followed by entrepreneurial networking (r = 0.378, p = 0.000), innovation (r = 0.312, p = 0.001), and risk-taking propensity (r = 0.258, p = 0.004). The refined multiple regression model demonstrated that all four entrepreneurial elements jointly and significantly explained 74.0% of variance in enterprise performance (R² = 0.740, F = 53.05, p = 0.000), with entrepreneurial networking emerging as the strongest predictor (β = 0.317), followed by risk-taking propensity (β = 0.306), innovation (β = 0.228), and creativity (β = 0.222). The study concludes that creativity, innovation, risk-taking propensity, and entrepreneurial networking are significant determinants of tea farming enterprise performance in Murang'a County. The study recommends that farmers adopt modern farming technologies, embrace calculated risk-taking supported by structured risk management, strengthen stakeholder networks through cooperatives and digital platforms, and pursue product innovation and market diversification to enhance productivity, profitability, and long-term enterprise sustainability. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Elements, Performance, Small and Medium, Tea Farming Enterprises, Murang’a County, Kenya
The Relationship amongst Interest Rate Risk, Bank Competitiveness, and Financial Performance: Evidence from Commercial Banks in Kenya
The banking sector in Kenya plays a crucial role in financial intermediation and significantly contributes to economic development. Consequently, even minor variations in the financial performance of this industry can have significant effects on the economy. Despite the regulations and actions implemented by the regulatory authority, certain banks continue to face difficulties in their financial performance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interest rate risk on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Moreover, this study endeavoured to ascertain the moderating effect of bank competitiveness on the relationship between interest rate risk and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The theories underpinning this study included Financial Intermediation Theory, Liquidity Preference Theory of Interest Rates, and Market Power Theory. The study further embraced an explanatory research design. The study used a census approach rather than sampling, considering the target population comprised all thirty-nine (39) commercial banks that were operating in Kenya as of December 2023. The study analysed data using descriptive statistics and panel multiple regression analysis. The results of the study revealed that interest rate risk portrayed a significant effect on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The results further showed that bank competitiveness indicated an insignificant moderating effect on the association between interest rate risk and financial performance. The study recommends that the management of Kenyan commercial banks should strengthen the adoption and implementation of effective techniques for measuring and monitoring interest rate risk in order to pinpoint the origins and extent of the risk. Keywords: interest rate risk, bank competitiveness, financial performance, commercial banks.
Supply Chain Analytics and Resilience in Roofing Sheet Manufacturing Firms in The Nairobi Metropolitan Area, Kenya
The global and local supply chains have faced many challenges, ranging from economic fluctuations to global pandemics. Political instability worsened Kenya’s situation, resulting in a decline in manufactured goods exports to EAC partners. One of the most affected sub-sectors is roofing sheet manufacturing, hence the need to bolster supply chain resilience (SCR) among the players in the sub-sector. The study sought to examine the influence of demand analytics, logistics operations, inventory analytics, and supplier-related risks analytics on the supply chain resilience of roofing sheet manufacturing firms in NMA. Further, the study was anchored in Knowledge-based View, Systems Theory, Resource-based View, and Technology Acceptance Model. The study employed the cross-sectional survey research design and used a target population of 324 employees including 54 managers and 270 employees within procurement department (unit of observation) drawn from all 54 roofing sheet manufacturing firms in NMA (unit of analysis). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire designed in line with the independent and dependent variables. A pilot test involving 18 respondents assessed the instrument’s validity and reliability. Data obtained from responses were coded and analyzed using SPSS Version 29. The data was analyzed and visualized using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation. Correlation analysis was used to determine the strength and direction of the linear relationship between variables in the matrix. Regression analysis was used to find out how changes in the independent variable affect the dependent variable. The findings revealed that demand forecasting, logistics operations analytics, inventory management analytics, and supplier-related risk analytics significantly influence supply chain analytics in roofing sheet manufacturing firms within the NMA. Logistics operations had the greatest influence on supply chain resilience (β = 0.142, p < 0.05), followed by demand forecasting (β = 0.093, p < 0.05), inventory management analytics (β = 0.035, p < 0.05), and supplier-related risk analytics (β = 0.033, p < 0.05). The study concluded that supply chain analytics influences supply chain resilience. The study also recommends that firms effectively integrate supply chain analytics into their operations to enhance supply chain resilience. Keywords: Supply Chain Analytics, Resilience, Roofing Sheet Manufacturing Firms, Nairobi Metropolitan Area, Kenya
Project Cost Management Strategies and Performance of Water Projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya
Despite significant initiatives aimed at improving water access in Nairobi City County, many communities continue to face challenges in obtaining clean and reliable water. Existing literature underscores the critical role of project cost management in the successful implementation of infrastructure projects. Therefore, a study investigating the influence of cost management strategies on the performance of water projects in Nairobi provides essential insights into the unique challenges and opportunities specific to this urban environment, while addressing existing gaps in understanding the relationship between cost management and project outcomes. This study focuses on specific objectives that assess the effects of financial resource allocation, financial monitoring and control, risk management, and procurement cost-saving strategies on water project performance. The study was grounded in Activity-Based Costing Theory, Agency Theory, Risk Management Theory, and Transaction Cost Economics Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 100 employees from Engineering, Internal Audit and Risk, Supply Chain, Operation and Maintenance, and Finance departments. A census sampling approach was employed, and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Pilot test results confirmed strong validity and reliability. Data was collected via structured questionnaires distributed physically and digitally to 100 Nairobi City County employees across five departments, with confidentiality assured to encourage honest responses. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29, employing descriptive and inferential statistics including frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Descriptive statistics revealed below-neutral perceptions across all cost management strategies and water project performance. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the four strategies collectively explained 68.1% of the variance in water project performance (R² = 0.681, F = 45.126, p < 0.001). All four variables had significant positive effects: procurement cost-saving strategies had the strongest influence (β = 0.312, p = 0.002), followed by financial resource allocation (β = 0.287, p = 0.003), financial monitoring and control (β = 0.245, p = 0.007), and risk management cost strategies (β = 0.198, p = 0.034). All four null hypotheses were rejected. Qualitative findings revealed that respondents advocated for digital financial systems, stakeholder engagement, performance-based contracting, and capacity building. Key challenges included inadequate budgeting, delayed fund disbursements, procurement inefficiencies, and scope changes. The study concludes that financial resource allocation, financial monitoring and control, risk management cost, and procurement cost-saving strategies all significantly influence water project performance. The study recommends that Nairobi City County Government strengthen financial resource allocation through Activity-Based Costing, enhance financial monitoring via real-time tracking, invest in risk management frameworks, and promote procurement cost-saving strategies including competitive bidding and framework contracts. Keywords: Financial resource, financial monitoring, risk management cost, procurement cost-saving, water project performance.
Investment in Trailhead Facilities and Its Influence On Competitive Advantage in Kenya’s Adventure Tourism Sector
Trailhead infrastructure forms an important component of the hiking experience and influences how visitors evaluate a destination. Facilities such as sanitation, signage, information points, and emergency support contribute to visitor comfort, safety, and preparedness. In Kenya's adventure tourism sector, these facilities represent a critical interface between natural attractions and the overall visitor experience. This study investigated the extent to which these investments influenced sustained competitive advantage in Kenya’s adventure tourism sector. Theoretically grounded in the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Expectation Disconfirmation Theory (EDT), the research sought to determine if superior infrastructure could truly differentiate one trail from its competitors, or if such infrastructure served merely as basic requirements for participation. The study employed a convergent mixed-methods design. Quantitative data was collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 400 active hikers within Greater Nairobi and the Central Highlands, while qualitative data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with twelve key stakeholders. Descriptive analysis revealed a mean construct score of 3.10 for trailhead infrastructure investment, reflecting moderate satisfaction. Notably, restroom cleanliness recorded the lowest individual score (M = 2.70, SD = 1.39). Within the broader structural model, which explained 53.1% of the variance in competitive advantage, investment in trailhead infrastructure was not a statistically significant direct predictor of sustained competitive advantage (β = 0.089, p = 0.093). Qualitative insights suggested that infrastructure functions as “hygiene factors”, essential for basic operations but insufficient on their own to create a unique edge. The study concluded that while basic infrastructure is a prerequisite for service delivery, it is not a direct source of competitive advantage Keywords: Trailhead infrastructure, adventure tourism, hiking, competitive advantage, Kenya, Resource-Based View, Expectation Disconfirmation Theory.
Effects of Development Control Policies on Strategic Investor Attraction in the Real Estate Sector in Nairobi City County
The pilot study examined the suitability of research instruments designed to assess the effect of development control policies on strategic investor attraction in the real estate sector in Nairobi City County. A pilot study was conducted using 24 respondents, representing 10% of the sample size, to test reliability, validity, and factor structure before the main data collection exercise. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, and all study variables recorded acceptable values above 0.7. Environmental Impact Assessment requirements had the highest reliability score of 0.874, followed by stakeholder engagement policy at 0.867, licensing regulations at 0.796, zoning regulations at 0.785, regulatory transparency at 0.758, and strategic investor attraction at 0.711. Validity was tested using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity. All KMO values were above the recommended threshold of 0.5, while Bartlett’s test was significant at p = 0.000 for all variables, confirming that the data were suitable for factor analysis. Factor analysis further showed that most questionnaire items had acceptable factor loadings above 0.5. However, two items under stakeholder engagement policy recorded low loadings of 0.281 and 0.464 and were therefore removed from the main analysis. The findings confirmed that the research instrument was reliable, valid and appropriate for measuring zoning regulations, licensing regulations, stakeholder engagement policy, environmental impact assessment requirements, regulatory transparency, and strategic investor attraction. The pilot results therefore supported the use of the revise questionnaire in the main study. Keywords: Development control policies; Strategic investor attraction; Real estate sector; Regulatory transparency; Nairobi City County.
Effect of Workplace Diversity Practices on Organizational Performance, Moderated by Process Innovation
Publicly quoted companies in Kenya face persistent underperformance despite Capital Markets Authority requirements for qualified senior management. The study examined how process innovation moderates the relationship between workplace diversity practices and organizational performance. The study was guided by dynamic capabilities theory and adopted a pragmatic philosophical orientation. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed. The target population comprised 150 senior management respondents from 56 operational publicly quoted companies on the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. The study selected three senior management respondents from the human resource, strategy, and finance functions in each company for questionnaires. Data collection involved structured questionnaires on a five-point Likert scale, with ethical clearance obtained. Pretesting confirmed validity (factor loadings >0.4) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha >0.7). Quantitative analysis used SPSS version 30, employing descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed a positive, significant relationship between process innovation and performance, with the strongest moderating effect on organizational diversity practices. The study concludes that process innovation significantly enhances the impact of workplace diversity on performance and recommends structured innovation frameworks leveraging diverse perspectives to improve workflows, systems, and processes. Keywords: Process innovation, workplace diversity practices, organizational performance, publicly quoted companies, Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya, Dynamic Capabilities Theory
Strategic Management Practices and Performance of Selected Logistics Firms in Mombasa County, Kenya
This study examined the influence of strategic management practices on the performance of selected logistics firms in Mombasa, Kenya. Firm performance was assessed in terms of operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, innovation, and employee productivity. Despite the significant contribution of logistics firms to the Kenyan economy through transportation and storage services, many continue to face challenges related to competition, rising operational costs, government regulations, and internal inefficiencies. The study focused on four strategic management practices: environmental analysis, employee empowerment, leadership, and stakeholder involvement. The research was guided by the Resource-Based View Theory, Porter's Generic Strategies Theory, and Agency Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted targeting 245 employees from three logistics firms, comprising directors, managers, administrators, and operations staff. Using stratified and proportionate sampling techniques, a sample of 75 respondents was selected. Primary data were collected through questionnaires, while validity was enhanced through expert review. Data were analyzed using regression analysis. The findings revealed a strong positive relationship between strategic management practices and firm performance (R = 0.943; R² = 0.889), indicating that 88.9% of performance variation was explained by the independent variables. ANOVA results confirmed the statistical significance of the model (F = 241.449, p < 0.05). All variables had a significant positive effect on performance, with stakeholder involvement emerging as the strongest predictor (β = 0.482, p = 0.000). The study concluded that integrated strategic management practices significantly enhance the performance and competitiveness of logistics firms. The study recommends strengthening stakeholder engagement, leadership development, employee empowerment, and continuous environmental analysis to achieve sustainable organizational performance. Keywords: Strategic Management, Practices, Performance, Logistics Firms, Mombasa County
Overcoming AI Adoption Friction Gap in Small and Medium Enterprises
The adoption of artificial intelligence presents a strategic opportunity for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). However, these organizations frequently struggle to translate technological investments into operational value. The business problem addressed in this study is the failure of small and medium-sized enterprises to realize the expected benefits of artificial intelligence due to a misalignment between technical capabilities, organizational readiness, and environmental constraints. The purpose of this study was to explore the subjective perceptions of business leaders regarding the factors influencing adoption decisions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 SME leaders and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. The results identified four themes: technological incompatibility creates an adoption friction gap, strategic leadership mediates cultural alignment, workforce anxiety necessitates psychological reassurance, and environmental uncertainty drives defensive governance. The findings extend the technology, organization, and environment (TOE) framework by demonstrating that structural constraints cannot be resolved through software procurement alone. Business leaders must instead prioritize data architecture readiness, utilize targeted diagnostics to manage employee job replacement fears, and enforce strict human-in-the-loop oversight to navigate regulatory ambiguity. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Small and Medium Enterprises, Technology Adoption, Change Management, TOE Framework, Strategic Leadership
Influence of Technology Adoption on Organizational Development of Public Hospitals. A Case of Riruta Level 4 Hospital, Kenya
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of technology adoption as a change management strategy on organizational performance of public hospitals in Kenya through Riruta Level 4 Hospital. Public hospitals in Kenya face numerous challenges, including resource constraints, inefficient service delivery, and increasing demand for quality healthcare. Effective change strategies such as adoption of modern technology are considered essential for enhancing efficiency, staff performance and patient satisfaction. The study was underpinned by Lewin’s Change Management Model, Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model, Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory, and Organizational Development Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted by the study to allow an in-depth examination of the relationship among the variables. The target population comprised 47 medical and non-medical staff. The study adopted a census approach since the target population was small. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28. employing descriptive statistics to summarize demographic information and perceptions of change management practices. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between technology adoption and organizational development. Hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings show that technology adoption (B = 0.020, p = 0.016) including the use of digital systems for patient registration and medical records, also enhanced efficiency positively influence organizational development. The study concluded that technology adoption positively influenced organizational development had the greatest impact. It recommends that public hospitals strengthen technology adoption for sustainable growth and improved healthcare services. Keywords: Change management strategies, technology adoption & organizational development
Role of Process Automation in Enhancing Public Service Delivery: Evidence from Huduma Centres in Nairobi Metropolitan Area, Kenya
Process automation drives public service efficiency, yet its specific effect on citizen outcomes at Kenya's Huduma Centres remains insufficiently examined. Despite deployment of automated queuing, biometric verification, and digital workflow systems, persistent challenges in service timeliness, accessibility, and user satisfaction continue to raise questions about the effectiveness of automation implementation across Huduma Centre locations. This paper investigated the effect of process automation on public service delivery among Huduma Centres in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area, Kenya. The study was anchored in pragmatic philosophical paradigm and guided by the SERVQUAL model. An explanatory mixed-methods design was adopted, targeting 13,796 individuals across nine Huduma Centres in Nairobi, Kiambu, Machakos and Kajiado counties. A stratified sampling approach using Cochran's formula yielded a sample of 549 respondents. Primary data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, with reliability and validity ensured through Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, and expert validation. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The study found that process automation had a significant positive effect on service delivery (β = 0.358, p = 0.000), explaining 33.4% of the variance in service delivery outcomes. Descriptive findings revealed that routine service automation recorded the highest mean (M = 4.41, SD = 0.73), while reduction in human error recorded the lowest mean (M = 4.21, SD = 0.68), indicating variability in the depth and consistency of automation implementation across centres. Qualitative findings corroborated these results, with employees identifying automated workflows as key enablers of fairness, transparency, and processing speed, while customers confirmed that functioning automated systems significantly reduced wait times and enhanced their overall service experiences. The study concludes that process automation is a significant driver of public service delivery effectiveness at Huduma Centres, yet systematic gaps in automation standardisation, backup protocols, and workflow integration across locations require immediate institutional intervention. The study recommends that Huduma Centres focus on full integration and standardisation of process automation systems across all service delivery points, ensuring that automated queuing, biometric verification, digital ticketing and workflow management platforms work seamlessly across peak and off-peak service periods.Partial automation, in which some stages of the service are still manual and others are digitised, introduces inefficiencies that offset the speed and accuracy improvements that automation is intended to provide. Centre managers should carry out periodic workflow audits in order to identify and remove remaining bottlenecks in the process, but to replace them with integrated digital processes which will synchronise in real time with central government platforms including the National Registration Bureau and NTSA systems. Keywords: Process Innovation, service delivery, Huduma Centres, Kenya
Financial Management Practices and Funds Management of Public Secondary Schools in Embu County, Kenya
This study examined the effect of financial management practices on funds management in public secondary schools in Embu County, Kenya, in line with the government’s commitment to inclusive and equitable education under Sustainable Development Goal 4. Despite substantial public investment in education, many schools continue to experience financial constraints that hinder effective service delivery. The study focused on four key practices: financial reporting, financial literacy, financial planning, and auditing. It was anchored on the Resource-Based View, Agency Theory, and Information Asymmetry Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 600 respondents comprising principals, bursars, and chairpersons from 200 schools. A stratified random sampling technique yielded a sample of 240 respondents. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, whose validity (face, construct, and content) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7) were confirmed. A pilot study involving 30 schools was conducted to enhance data quality. Data analysis employed both descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) and inferential statistics, specifically multiple linear regression. Diagnostic tests for normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were conducted to ensure model accuracy. The findings revealed that all four financial management practices significantly and positively influence funds management. Financial reporting and financial literacy emerged as the most influential factors, while financial planning and auditing also contributed significantly. However, schools still face challenges related to cash reserves, investment of surplus funds, and income diversification, indicating a gap between adopted practices and financial outcomes. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education institutionalize mandatory financial management training programs for school financial officers. Keywords: Financial Management, Practices, Funds Management, Public Secondary Schools, Embu County, Kenya
Effect of Strategic Planning Practices on Organizational Performance of The County Government of Kilifi, Kenya
This study examined the influence of strategic planning practices on organizational performance at the County Government of Kilifi, Kenya. Despite the introduction of performance contracting in Kenya's public sector in 2003, county governments continue to experience challenges such as underutilization of allocated funds and delayed implementation of development projects. The study sought to assess how strategic planning practices contribute to improved county performance within the devolved governance framework. Grounded in the Theory of Goal Formulation, Systems Theory, the Results-Based Management Model, and the Resource-Based View, the study adopted a descriptive survey and correlational research design. A census of 130 respondents from 13 administrative departments was conducted, with 121 valid responses returned, representing a 93.1% response rate. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, and reliability and validity tests confirmed the adequacy of the instruments. Descriptive statistics revealed that strategic planning practices were well institutionalized in Kilifi County, with departments operating under structured strategic plans aligned with the County Integrated Development Plan. Respondents indicated high levels of familiarity with departmental vision statements, regular consultative meetings, time-bound objectives, and robust monitoring and evaluation systems. Correlation analysis revealed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between strategic planning practices and organizational performance (r = 0.768, p < 0.01). Regression analysis further showed that strategic planning made a significant positive contribution to performance (β = 0.048, p < 0.05), while the overall model explained 42.9% of performance variation (R² = 0.429). ANOVA results confirmed the model's overall significance (F = 8.816, p < 0.05). The study concludes that integrating strategic planning with participatory approaches, budgeting processes, and robust monitoring and evaluation systems enhances organizational performance in county governments. The findings underscore the importance of clear mission and vision statements, stakeholder engagement, and effective resource allocation in promoting accountability, operational efficiency, and service delivery. The study recommends that county governments strengthen strategic planning frameworks, enhance staff capacity in planning processes, and align annual work plans with long-term development objectives to optimize performance outcomes. Keywords: Strategic Planning, Organizational Performance, County Government, Service Delivery, Kenya
Effectiveness of Watershed Catchment Protection on the Provision of Water Services in Mandera County, Kenya
The Kenya National Water Policy 2021 was designed to ensure sustainable water resource management and equitable access to clean water. However, key gaps exist in its implementation in Mandera County, where water scarcity remains a persistent challenge. This study thus evaluated the effectiveness of watershed catchment protection on the provision of water services in Mandera County. The study was anchored on transformative approach and adopted pragmatism philosophy, employing a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised 535 participants drawn from various key stakeholders in Mandera County, including the Water Resources Authority, Mandera Office, Mandera County Companies, community leaders, representatives from the Non- Governmental Organization, County Government of Mandera Water Department, and the National Drought Management Authority. The researcher used Slovin’s formula to obtain a sample size of 229 respondents. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistical methods in analysis. The findings were presented on tables. The findings depicted coefficient of determination (R Squared) of 0.506, implying that 50.6% of the variation in the provision of water services in Mandera County is accounted for by watershed catchment protection. The ANOVA results in indicated that the model was statistically significant in explaining the effect of watershed catchment protection on the provision of water services (p< 0.05). The regression coefficient results showed a positive and statistically significant relationship between watershed catchment protection and provision of water services (β = 0.694, p = 0.007 < 0.05). The study thus recommends that Mandera county department of water services should invest in the construction, maintenance, and security of water storage infrastructure, with specific attention to underserved rural areas and watershed catchment protection. Keywords: Watershed Catchment Protection, Water Services Provision, Environmental Conservation, Mandera County, Groundwater Recharge.
Public Awareness on Prioritization of Waste Management in Dagoretti North Constituency, Nairobi City County
Inadequate environmental education and weak dissemination of waste management information in Dagoretti North Constituency have contributed to widespread illegal dumping of solid waste. In particular, the Kiruta area of Kikuyuware has experienced persistent indiscriminate disposal along major access roads, creating serious environmental degradation and heightened public health risks for residents. Against this backdrop, the study sought to assess public awareness and prioritization of waste management within Dagoretti North, Nairobi City County. Specifically, the study examined the influence of disseminating waste management knowledge to the community, consulting residents on waste management priorities, collaborating with community members, and actively involving the public in waste management decision-making processes. The investigation was anchored in the social capital framework and a stakeholder perspective, recognizing the importance of shared norms, networks, and partnerships in addressing environmental challenges. A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population comprised 33 officers from the Department of Environment and Forestry in Dagoretti North and 20 managers from licensed waste collection companies, yielding a total census of 53 respondents. Primary and secondary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and guided interviews, with a pilot study conducted in Dagoretti South Constituency. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and inferential techniques, including correlation and regression analysis. Findings revealed strong, positive, and statistically significant relationships between waste management and information dissemination (r = 0.605), community consultation (r = 0.753), community collaboration (r = 0.690), and community engagement (r = 0.729), all at p < 0.05. The study concludes that effective communication and inclusive community participation are critical to improved waste management outcomes. It recommends strengthening information-sharing systems and fostering partnerships among municipal authorities, waste management firms, local leaders, and community groups to develop localized, sustainable waste management programs. Keywords: Public Awareness, Prioritization, Waste Management, Dagoretti North Constituency, Nairobi City County
Understanding Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya: The Influence of Financial Accessibility Practices
In any business or organization’s endeavors, performance is the critical vision for management, growth, and improvement. Besides, in the unpredictable and competitive business environment, the availability of financial resources plays a significant role a sound financial accessibility practice leads to better business opportunities and innovative processes. Small and Medium Enterprises are part of the vast informal economy, which significantly contributes to job creation and poverty alleviation. In Kenya, however, within a few months of operation, about half of these businesses close, while most that remain perform poorly. The dismal performance has been linked to challenges in credit access in the banking sector, as these financial institutions play a key role in serving this segment. The study examined the influence of financial accessibility practices on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial orientation, interest rate, collateral requirements, and credit rationing on access to credit and performance of Small and Medium Enterprises. This research was anchored in three theories: the asymmetric information theory, the adverse selection theory, and the Credit Rationing Theory. A descriptive survey research design was employed in the study to target 3,000 Small and medium enterprises registered in Nairobi County. The sample size was determined using Taro Yamane's formula, selecting 97 respondents as the unit of observation. Proportionate stratified and random sampling was used as the sampling technique. The data collection instrument was a pilot-tested questionnaire for accurate measurement examination. Descriptive statistical methods, such as the mean, standard deviation, frequencies, and percentages, were used to analyze the data. In addition, inferential statistical techniques, such as Pearson's correlation and multiple regression, were used to assess relationships among the variables. The data were presented through tables and charts. The empirical results indicate that the four independent variables had a significant impact on the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya (Adj R2 = 0.743, F-stat = 54.485, p < 0.005). The study concluded that financial accessibility practices improve the affordability, profitability, growth, and cost efficiency of firms' financial services. The study's findings contribute to the body of knowledge, thereby enriching the formulation of policies and best practices for firms to access credit and loans. Management and directors of Small and Medium Enterprises should entrench credit access activities and practices to optimize organizational outcomes. Keywords: Performance, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Nairobi City County, Financial Accessibility Practices
Cost of Credit and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya: The Moderating Role of Financial Literacy
Access to affordable credit remains a decisive factor in the growth and sustainability of small and medium enterprises in developing economies. This study examined the effect of the cost of credit on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya, with financial literacy considered as a potential moderating factor. The study was Guided by Transaction Cost Theory, Credit Rationing Theory, and the Balanced Scorecard framework. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targeted more than 1.5 million registered SMEs across the country. A sample size of 385 was used. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. Descriptive results showed that respondents rated the cost of credit highly as a barrier (mean = 3.99), while financial literacy averaged 3.98 with gaps in practical credit management skills, and business performance averaged 3.93 with constrained profitability and employment outcomes. Regression analysis revealed that the cost of credit explained 71.7 percent of the variation in performance with a significant negative effect (B = -0.832, p < 0.05), while the moderating effect of financial literacy remained insignificant (p = 0.231) thus indicating that knowledge alone cannot offset systemic credit costs. The study concludes that policy measures to reduce borrowing costs, enforce transparent lending practices, and promote flexible repayment structures are critical for enhancing financial inclusion and enterprise sustainability in Kenya. Keywords: Cost of credit, business performance, financial literacy, small and medium enterprises, SMEs, Transaction Cost Theory, Kenya.
Collateral Requirements and Quality of Loan Portfolio of Microfinance Banks in Kenya
The microfinance sector in Kenya has been grappling with a significant challenge, as evidenced by the 5.55 percent of net non-performing loans to the net loan portfolio for microfinance banks over the four-year period between 2019 and 2022. The International Monetary Fund and World Bank consider a non-performing loans ratio of 5 percent or higher as a sign of vulnerability and potential financial instability. The study was grounded by lender-based theory, utilized a positivism research philosophy and a descriptive research design. The target population comprised 14 regulated microfinance banks in Kenya, overseen by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). Secondary data, spanning from 2019 to 2023, was extracted using a data collection sheet and analyses with descriptive and inferential statistics via STATA. The findings indicated that collateral requirements had a positive impact on quality of loan portfolio of microfinance banks in Kenya. The findings underscore the importance of collateral requirements in enhancing loan portfolio quality. The study recommends that microfinance banks in Kenya should enhance their collateral requirement frameworks to improve loan portfolio quality, recognizing that collateral serves as both a security mechanism against default risk and an efficient screening tool for identifying creditworthy clients. Additionally, the Central Bank of Kenya should implement stricter oversight mechanisms on collateral valuation processes and establish standardized guidelines that ensure consistency across the sector while accommodating alternative collateral forms accessible to underserved populations. These evidence-based recommendations offer important guidance for policymakers and industry professionals in the microfinance sector, enriching the current knowledge base and driving improvements in risk management practices that balance institutional sustainability with financial inclusion objectives. Keywords: Quality Loan Portfolio, Collateral Requirement, Microfinance Banks, Kenya
Effect of Supply Chain Technology Integration On Performance of Non-Governmental Organizations in Western Region, Kenya
The aim of this research was to explore the effect of Supply Chain Technology integration on performance of Non-Governmental Organizations in Western region in Kenya. This study objective was to determine the effect of Supply Chain Technology integration on performance of Non-Governmental Organizations. The study employed positivism research paradigm and an explanatory research design to determine the cause-and-effect relationships between the study variables. The target population of this study comprised of 25 non-governmental organizations located in western region. Within these organizations, 375 staff with a sample size of 194 respondents was selected using Yamane’s Formulae from different departments such procurement, logistics, finance, public relations and warehousing. The study also targeted 12 beneficiaries who included both male and female. Stratified and simple random sampling technique was employed to select the staff within the NGOs and beneficiaries were selected using purposive sampling. Primary data was collected by using the questionnaire as the main research instrument while the information from the beneficiaries was collected using Focus Group Discussion. Cronbach alpha (α) of 0.7 and above was employed to test the instruments’ reliability. Face validity was applied to determine if the instrument would measure what it is supposed to measure. Quantitative data was analyzed by employing descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages. The data was also analyzed using ANOVA, Regression and correlation analysis. The qualitative data obtained from the Focused Group Discussion with selected beneficiaries was analyzed using thematic analysis and was presented in narrative form. The finding was Technology integration (β = 0.474, p = 0.000) had a positive and had a significant effect on performance of NGOs in Western region. The hypothesis tested was rejected since the p value for the variable was <0.05. The study concluded that Supply Chain Technology integration is key driver of performance among NGOs in western Kenya. The study recommends that NGOs should strengthen their Supply Chain Technology Integration. Keywords: Supply Chain Technology Integration, Performance
Effect of Diversity and Inclusion practices on innovative work behavior in the county government of Nandi, Kenya
This study examines how diversity and inclusion (D&I) practices shape innovative work behavior (IWB) in the County Government of Nandi, Kenya. Guided by Social Exchange Theory and the Componential Theory of Creativity, the study focuses on remuneration, affective commitment, and inclusive leadership, and tests the mediating role of psychological safety. A cross-sectional explanatory design was applied using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected from 308 employees selected through stratified random sampling, and analyzed in SPSS v28 using descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and PROCESS-based mediation. Qualitative data from key informant interviews with HR managers and departmental heads were thematically analyzed to enrich interpretation. Findings show that D&I practices are strong predictors of IWB. The direct effects model recorded R = 0.794 and R² = 0.630, indicating that remuneration, affective commitment, and inclusive leadership jointly explain 63% of the variance in IWB. All three predictors were positive and significant, with inclusive leadership exhibiting the largest standardized effect (β = 0.361, p < 0.001), followed by remuneration (β = 0.298, p < 0.001) and affective commitment (β = 0.247, p < 0.001). Introducing psychological safety increased explanatory power to R² = 0.678; psychological safety itself predicted IWB (β = 0.319, p < 0.001) and partially mediated the effects of all three predictors, as their coefficients reduced but remained significant. Interview evidence reinforced the centrality of equitable remuneration, participatory leadership, employee loyalty, and safe climates in enabling idea generation, promotion, and implementation. The study concludes that well-embedded D&I practices—particularly inclusive leadership supported by fair systems directly and indirectly elevate employee innovation through psychological safety. It recommends institutionalizing transparent remuneration and promotion processes, leadership development on inclusive behaviors, and non-punitive idea platforms to sustain innovation and enhance citizen-focused service delivery in devolved governments. Keywords: Diversity, Inclusion, Innovative Work Behavior, County Government, Nandi, Kenya
Integrating Artificial Intelligence, ICT and Innovation for Climate-Resilient Child Protection Systems in Kenya
Climate change continues to undermine child well-being in Kenya by intensifying droughts, floods, and related environmental shocks. These recurring crises erode social and economic stability, disrupt access to essential services, and heighten children’s exposure to abuse, neglect, and exploitation. Traditional child protection systems in Kenya remain fragmented and reactive, unable to cope effectively with the growing frequency of climate-related emergencies. This paper examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI), Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and innovation can collectively enhance the resilience and responsiveness of child protection systems. Anchored in the Socio-Technical Systems Theory, the study synthesizes empirical findings from Kenya and comparable African contexts to evaluate how AI-driven analytics, ICT-enabled coordination, and context-specific innovation can reinforce prevention, preparedness, and response capacities. Case examples such as Kenya’s CPIMS+, RapidPro, and Ushahidi are examined to illustrate integration pathways. The findings highlight that successful implementation depends not only on technology but also on strong institutional alignment, ethical data governance, and sustained investment. The study concludes that AI-driven predictive analytics can transform child protection from emergency response to preventive, data-informed systems, that ethical governance and transparent data management are non-negotiable prerequisites, and that long-term sustainability depends on embedding initiatives within domestic funding structures rather than donor-driven projects. The study recommends that Kenya should establish a national child protection data hub integrating climate and social protection data, should develop AI ethics guidelines tailored to children's rights with independent oversight mechanisms, should invest in capacity development through Child Protection Innovation Labs, and should integrate AI, ICT, and innovation initiatives into national budget allocations to ensure domestic ownership. The paper concludes that when technology is combined with institutional alignment, ethical safeguards, and social participation, Kenya's child protection system can evolve into a model of climate resilience and digital inclusion for vulnerable children. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, ICT, Innovation, Climate-Resilient, Child Protection Systems, Kenya
LLMs and Research Methodology Transformation
The emergence of large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4, Claude, and Gemini has initiated a profound methodological transformation in the global research ecosystem. This systematic literature review examines how LLMs are redefining the processes of knowledge generation, analysis, and dissemination across academic disciplines. Guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework, the study systematically analyzed 92 peer-reviewed articles published between 2021 and 2025 to identify the scope, methodological adaptations, and ethical implications of integrating LLMs into research workflows. Findings indicate that LLMs are now embedded in nearly all stages of the research process ranging from literature retrieval and screening to data extraction, synthesis, and academic writing. Their integration has significantly enhanced research efficiency, reduced manual workload, and democratized access to advanced analytical tools, particularly benefiting early-career and non-native English-speaking scholars. However, the review reveals that the methodological evolution brought by LLMs also entails new challenges related to accuracy, bias, authorship, reproducibility, and transparency. The analysis demonstrates that researchers are increasingly adopting hybrid human AI collaboration models in which LLMs function as cognitive partners while human oversight ensures validation and contextual interpretation. Moreover, new research protocols emphasize prompt documentation, version control, and ethical disclosure of AI involvement to uphold scientific integrity. Despite their advantages, concerns persist regarding hallucinated outputs, algorithmic bias, and unequal access to proprietary AI technologies, which risk widening global disparities in research capacity. The review concludes that LLMs are transforming research methodology from static, manual processes into dynamic, AI-augmented workflows characterized by adaptability, scalability, and inclusivity. Nonetheless, this transformation demands continuous recalibration of ethical standards, methodological transparency, and academic accountability. The study recommends the establishment of standardized frameworks for reporting LLM usage, comprehensive AI literacy programs within academic institutions, and equitable policies for access to AI infrastructure. Overall, the responsible integration of LLMs represents not a replacement of human intellect, but a reconfiguration of scholarly practice that merges human reasoning with computational intelligence to advance credible, efficient, and globally inclusive scientific inquiry. Keywords: Large Language Models, Research Methodology, Systematic Literature Review, Artificial Intelligence, Academic Writing, Human–AI Collaboration, Methodological Transformation, Ethical Research Practices, Knowledge Synthesis, Reproducibility
Impact of Agentic AI Adoption on Organizational Transformation in Global Enterprises
Agentic artificial intelligence adoption plays a vital role in enhancing organizational transformation, especially for enterprises operating in increasingly digitalized global markets. This study investigated the impact of agentic AI adoption on organizational transformation of global enterprises through a comprehensive systematic literature review analyzing multiple empirical studies across diverse international contexts. The research found that agentic AI adoption significantly enhances organizational transformation in global enterprises by improving operational efficiency, decision-making capabilities, and strategic positioning. Literature analysis revealed that enterprises demonstrated superior performance outcomes, with 74% reporting ROI achievement within the first year, 62% experiencing returns exceeding 100%, and 39% achieving productivity doubling when agentic AI technologies were successfully implemented. The study also established that technological readiness and organizational culture serve as primary drivers of agentic AI adoption success, while leadership commitment and change management capabilities play crucial moderating roles in determining transformation outcomes. Moreover, the study found that when enterprises combined agentic AI adoption with complementary organizational restructuring such as cross-functional teams and governance frameworks, organizations observed enhanced business value and sustainable competitive positioning. Companies implementing agentic AI achieved average returns of 171%, with U.S.-based companies reaching 192% returns. The research also observed that strategic agentic AI implementation helped mitigate complexity challenges and resource constraints commonly faced by enterprises, thereby reinforcing their ability to achieve transformative business outcomes in digital markets. These findings support the Resource-Based View and Technology-Organization-Environment theoretical frameworks emphasizing the importance of internal capabilities and strategic alignment in determining agentic AI adoption success and organizational transformation. The study concluded that agentic AI adoption is a critical strategic determinant of organizational transformation for global enterprises, particularly when implementation is supported by adequate data infrastructure, skilled human capital, and effective change management processes. The study recommended that global enterprises develop comprehensive agentic AI adoption strategies that address both technological and organizational readiness factors, while business leaders should design targeted transformation mechanisms to enhance enterprise access to agentic AI capabilities and promote AI literacy development across the organizational ecosystem.
Adoption of Cloud-Based Management Systems in Higher Education Institutions in Asia
Higher education institutions across Asia are undergoing significant digital transformation as they adopt cloud-based management systems to improve administrative efficiency and enhance learning outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this shift, forcing universities to transition from traditional on-premises systems to scalable, remote-accessible platforms. However, adoption rates remain uneven across the region, with developed economies demonstrating advanced integration while developing nations face persistent infrastructural and financial barriers. This study examined the adoption of cloud-based management systems in higher education institutions across Asia through a systematic literature review, analyzing factors influencing implementation, challenges encountered, and success patterns across diverse educational contexts. A systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed academic articles, government reports, and institutional publications focusing on cloud computing adoption in Asian higher education contexts. Findings revealed significant disparities in adoption rates between developed economies like Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, which demonstrated advanced cloud integration, and developing nations including the Philippines, Pakistan, and Vietnam, where barriers persisted. Key success factors included institutional readiness, leadership support, and digital literacy, while primary barriers encompassed security concerns, financial constraints, and technical expertise limitations. Software as a Service solutions achieved the highest adoption rates. Sustainable cloud adoption necessitates holistic approaches addressing technological, organizational, and environmental factors while considering local contexts and institutional capacities. Keywords: Cloud Computing, Higher Education, Digital Transformation, Technology Adoption