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LLMs and Research Methodology Transformation
The emergence of large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4, Claude, and Gemini has initiated a profound methodological transformation in the global research ecosystem. This systematic literature review examines how LLMs are redefining the processes of knowledge generation, analysis, and dissemination across academic disciplines. Guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework, the study systematically analyzed 92 peer-reviewed articles published between 2021 and 2025 to identify the scope, methodological adaptations, and ethical implications of integrating LLMs into research workflows. Findings indicate that LLMs are now embedded in nearly all stages of the research process ranging from literature retrieval and screening to data extraction, synthesis, and academic writing. Their integration has significantly enhanced research efficiency, reduced manual workload, and democratized access to advanced analytical tools, particularly benefiting early-career and non-native English-speaking scholars. However, the review reveals that the methodological evolution brought by LLMs also entails new challenges related to accuracy, bias, authorship, reproducibility, and transparency. The analysis demonstrates that researchers are increasingly adopting hybrid human AI collaboration models in which LLMs function as cognitive partners while human oversight ensures validation and contextual interpretation. Moreover, new research protocols emphasize prompt documentation, version control, and ethical disclosure of AI involvement to uphold scientific integrity. Despite their advantages, concerns persist regarding hallucinated outputs, algorithmic bias, and unequal access to proprietary AI technologies, which risk widening global disparities in research capacity. The review concludes that LLMs are transforming research methodology from static, manual processes into dynamic, AI-augmented workflows characterized by adaptability, scalability, and inclusivity. Nonetheless, this transformation demands continuous recalibration of ethical standards, methodological transparency, and academic accountability. The study recommends the establishment of standardized frameworks for reporting LLM usage, comprehensive AI literacy programs within academic institutions, and equitable policies for access to AI infrastructure. Overall, the responsible integration of LLMs represents not a replacement of human intellect, but a reconfiguration of scholarly practice that merges human reasoning with computational intelligence to advance credible, efficient, and globally inclusive scientific inquiry. Keywords: Large Language Models, Research Methodology, Systematic Literature Review, Artificial Intelligence, Academic Writing, Human–AI Collaboration, Methodological Transformation, Ethical Research Practices, Knowledge Synthesis, Reproducibility
Impact of Agentic AI Adoption on Organizational Transformation in Global Enterprises
Agentic artificial intelligence adoption plays a vital role in enhancing organizational transformation, especially for enterprises operating in increasingly digitalized global markets. This study investigated the impact of agentic AI adoption on organizational transformation of global enterprises through a comprehensive systematic literature review analyzing multiple empirical studies across diverse international contexts. The research found that agentic AI adoption significantly enhances organizational transformation in global enterprises by improving operational efficiency, decision-making capabilities, and strategic positioning. Literature analysis revealed that enterprises demonstrated superior performance outcomes, with 74% reporting ROI achievement within the first year, 62% experiencing returns exceeding 100%, and 39% achieving productivity doubling when agentic AI technologies were successfully implemented. The study also established that technological readiness and organizational culture serve as primary drivers of agentic AI adoption success, while leadership commitment and change management capabilities play crucial moderating roles in determining transformation outcomes. Moreover, the study found that when enterprises combined agentic AI adoption with complementary organizational restructuring such as cross-functional teams and governance frameworks, organizations observed enhanced business value and sustainable competitive positioning. Companies implementing agentic AI achieved average returns of 171%, with U.S.-based companies reaching 192% returns. The research also observed that strategic agentic AI implementation helped mitigate complexity challenges and resource constraints commonly faced by enterprises, thereby reinforcing their ability to achieve transformative business outcomes in digital markets. These findings support the Resource-Based View and Technology-Organization-Environment theoretical frameworks emphasizing the importance of internal capabilities and strategic alignment in determining agentic AI adoption success and organizational transformation. The study concluded that agentic AI adoption is a critical strategic determinant of organizational transformation for global enterprises, particularly when implementation is supported by adequate data infrastructure, skilled human capital, and effective change management processes. The study recommended that global enterprises develop comprehensive agentic AI adoption strategies that address both technological and organizational readiness factors, while business leaders should design targeted transformation mechanisms to enhance enterprise access to agentic AI capabilities and promote AI literacy development across the organizational ecosystem.
Adoption of Cloud-Based Management Systems in Higher Education Institutions in Asia
Higher education institutions across Asia are undergoing significant digital transformation as they adopt cloud-based management systems to improve administrative efficiency and enhance learning outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this shift, forcing universities to transition from traditional on-premises systems to scalable, remote-accessible platforms. However, adoption rates remain uneven across the region, with developed economies demonstrating advanced integration while developing nations face persistent infrastructural and financial barriers. This study examined the adoption of cloud-based management systems in higher education institutions across Asia through a systematic literature review, analyzing factors influencing implementation, challenges encountered, and success patterns across diverse educational contexts. A systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed academic articles, government reports, and institutional publications focusing on cloud computing adoption in Asian higher education contexts. Findings revealed significant disparities in adoption rates between developed economies like Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, which demonstrated advanced cloud integration, and developing nations including the Philippines, Pakistan, and Vietnam, where barriers persisted. Key success factors included institutional readiness, leadership support, and digital literacy, while primary barriers encompassed security concerns, financial constraints, and technical expertise limitations. Software as a Service solutions achieved the highest adoption rates. Sustainable cloud adoption necessitates holistic approaches addressing technological, organizational, and environmental factors while considering local contexts and institutional capacities. Keywords: Cloud Computing, Higher Education, Digital Transformation, Technology Adoption
Digital Transformation and Operational Efficiency in Medium-Sized Enterprises in Penang, Malaysia
Digital transformation has become a critical strategy for medium-sized enterprises in Penang, Malaysia, to enhance operational efficiency and remain competitive. These businesses are adopting technologies like cloud computing, data analytics and automation to streamline operations and reduce costs. However, they face challenges including limited finances, insufficient digital skills, inadequate infrastructure and resistance to change. Penang's manufacturing and service sectors can significantly benefit through improved supply chains, better customer engagement, and optimized resources. Government support, industry partnerships and strategic investment in digital capabilities are essential for these enterprises to achieve sustained operational improvements and competitive advantage. Research findings show that medium-sized enterprises in Penang implementing digital transformation achieve significant operational efficiency improvements, including reduced production costs, faster processes and enhanced productivity. However, efficiency gains vary based on digital maturity levels, employee competency, management commitment and available technological infrastructure. Studies reveal that these enterprises face barriers like high investment costs, cybersecurity risks and skill gaps, though successful adopters demonstrate measurable improvements in profitability and competitiveness. The study concluded that digital transformation proves essential for enhancing operational efficiency in Penang's medium-sized enterprises, delivering substantial benefits in cost reduction and productivity. Success depends critically on adequate infrastructure investment, employee skill development and strong leadership commitment to overcome implementation challenges. Medium-sized enterprises in Penang should prioritize phased digital transformation implementation, focusing on critical operational areas while simultaneously investing in employee training and infrastructure development. Policymakers and industry associations should provide financial incentives, technical support programs and collaborative platforms to facilitate knowledge sharing and reduce adoption barriers for these enterprises. Keywords: Digital Transformation, Operational Efficiency, Malaysia
Influence of Risk Identification on Project Implementation in Regulatory State Corporations in Kenya
To effectively implement enterprise risk management, it's crucial to examine different strategic paths by considering the interconnected risks present in various possible situations, which helps in identifying opportunities arising from risks and ensuring that risk management aligns with the acceptable level of risk for stakeholders. This motivated the aim of the study which sought to examine the influence of enterprise risk management on project implementation in the public sector in Kenya with a focus on the regulatory state corporations. The specific objective was to evaluate risk identification affect project implementation in the regulatory state corporations in Kenya. The theories anchoring the study are agency theory, fraud triangle theory and stakeholder theory. To achieve the above objectives, the study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was all the 122 officials in charge of implementing projects and therefore the study was a census survey who were selected from regulatory state corporations. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents in the regulatory state corporations. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics which included percentages, means, standard deviation and linear regression models. The findings were presented in the form of tables. From the study findings, it can be concluded risk identification had a positive and a significant effect on project implementation in regulatory state corporations in Kenya. For the future study, the study suggested a study to investigate the mediating role of organizational culture or leadership style in the relationship between enterprise risk management practices and project performance with a focus in the private. A comparative study can be conducted across sectors (e.g., private vs. public) to understand contextual differences in enterprise risk management implementation. Keyword: Risk Identification, Project Implementation, Regulatory, State Corporations, Kenya
Strategic Alliances and Organizational Performance in the Consumer Goods Industry in Zhejiang, China
Strategic alliances have become increasingly vital for consumer goods companies in Zhejiang, China, enabling them to enhance organizational performance through resource sharing, market expansion, and technological collaboration. These partnerships allow enterprises to access new distribution channels, leverage complementary capabilities, reduce operational costs, and accelerate innovation in product development and marketing strategies. However, alliance success in Zhejiang's consumer goods sector depends on factors such as partner compatibility, trust between organizations, clear governance structures, and effective communication mechanisms. The region's thriving e-commerce ecosystem and manufacturing expertise create unique opportunities for both domestic and international alliances that can significantly improve market reach and operational efficiency. Careful alliance partner selection, ongoing relationship management, and alignment of strategic objectives are essential for consumer goods companies in Zhejiang to maximize performance benefits and achieve sustainable competitive advantage. The research found that strategic alliances significantly improved organizational performance in Zhejiang’s consumer goods industry by fostering innovation, operational efficiency and market expansion. Firms engaged in joint ventures and partnerships reported higher profitability and faster product development cycles compared to those operating independently. Additionally, alliances enhanced access to new technologies and distribution networks, strengthening firms’ competitive advantage in both domestic and international markets. The study concluded that strategic alliances play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of consumer goods firms in Zhejiang by promoting resource sharing, innovation and market diversification. These partnerships not only improve operational capabilities but also position firms for sustained competitiveness in an increasingly globalized and technology-driven market environment. The study recommended that firms in the consumer goods industry in Zhejiang strengthen strategic alliances by fostering long-term partnerships focused on innovation, technology sharing and joint market expansion to sustain competitiveness and improve overall organizational performance. Keywords: Strategic Alliances, organizational performance, China
The Effect of Branding on Consumer Buying Decision Behavior of Local Leather Foot Wear Products Perspectives from Prague, Czech Republic
This study examined the effect of branding on consumer buying decision behavior for local leather footwear products in Prague, Czech Republic. With the primary aim of identifying how branding elements such as brand name, logo, character, slogan, and packaging influence consumer purchasing choices. Utilizing an explanatory research design and a quantitative approach, the study employed a non-probability purposive sampling method to select a sample size of 384 consumers aged eighteen and above who had purchased locally produced leather footwear within the past five years. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The results indicate that branding elements, particularly brand name and packaging, have a significant positive impact on consumer buying decisions, while other elements like slogan and brand character showed a moderate influence. The findings highlight the need for local manufacturers to prioritize effective branding strategies to enhance consumer loyalty and competitiveness in the market. Ultimately, this study provides actionable insights for both practitioners and policymakers, supporting the growth and sustainability of Czech Republic’s leather industry, and contributes to the broader academic understanding of branding’s role in shaping consumer behavior in emerging markets. Keywords: Branding, Consumer behavior, Buying decision, Brand element
Assessment of User Satisfaction with E-Passport Administration Services in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania
In Tanzania, the effectiveness of electronic passport services is inadequate, causing dissatisfaction among users. The excessive document submission required during the pre-application process for e-passports, including 6 to 7 documents like birth certificates and affidavits, has increased the time taken for e-passport applications. This study therefore aimed to determine users’ satisfaction on e-passport administration services in the Kilimanjaro region. The study was anchored on the Information Systems Success Model (ISSM) and employed a descriptive research strategy involving a triangulation approach which involves qualitative and quantitative. The study collected primary data using both a structured questionnaire and a Key Informant Interview. The quantitative data collected using a questionnaire was analyzed with the aid of SPSS software using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that improvements in the application process, document submission, and speedy processing times significantly influenced the satisfaction of customers. At the same time, higher costs negatively impacted satisfaction, collectively explaining 62.9% of the variations in user satisfaction. The study concludes that there are critical areas such as; processing stages, status feedback of the application process to be viewed by users on the immigration website, document submissions, processing time, fiber, delivery method, delivery time, payment system interoperability, citizenship interrogation, e-management and decentralization of e-passport to the districts need more improvement in the e-passport system’s performance. In view of the findings, this study recommends that the immigration force department should strive to focus on improving the efficiency and reliability of their systems on e-passport services in the Kilimanjaro region. Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, E-Passport Services, Interoperability, Service Delivery, E-Passport
Competitive Strategies and Operational Sustainability of Bic East Africa Limited, Nairobi
This study examined the influence of competitive strategies on the operational sustainability of BIC East Africa Limited, Nairobi. The fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector in Kenya is characterized by rising operational costs, market saturation, and intense competition, which threaten firms’ ability to sustain performance. The study focused on cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategies as the independent variables, and operational sustainability measured by profitability, market share, and employee productivity as the dependent variable, with government policy as a moderating variable. A descriptive research design was adopted to establish the relationship between the study variables. The target population comprised 150 employees of BIC East Africa Limited, categorized into executive, technical, and support staff, as indicated in the Human Resource Department Report (2025). Using a stratified random sampling technique, a sample of 109 respondents was selected to ensure proportional representation across departments. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed through SPSS Version 25 using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis methods, including multiple linear regression analysis. The findings revealed that the cost leadership and differentiation strategies can significantly improve the sustainability of operations compared to the focus strategy, which had a moderate but positive influence. The government policy had a direct effect on the sustainability results but only a weakly moderating impact on the correlation between competitive strategies and sustainability results. The study concludes that a hybrid approach combining cost leadership and differentiation strategies is most effective for achieving operational sustainability. This research contributes to strategic management literature by empirically linking competitive strategies and sustainability within the context of emerging operating markets, offering valuable insights for managers, policymakers, and scholars. Keywords: Competitive Strategies, Cost Leadership, Differentiation, Focus Strategy, Government Policy, Operational Sustainability
Influence of Strategic Partnerships on The Performance of Private Hospitals in Kiambu County, Kenya
Private hospitals in Kiambu County, Kenya, are pivotal to the region’s healthcare system, yet they face significant challenges, including escalating operational costs, intensifying competition, and a rapidly evolving healthcare landscape. This study investigates the influence of strategic partnership practices on the performance of private hospitals in Kiambu County. Specifically, the study investigated the influence of alignment of organizational goals, vision, and mission, and operational efficiency of the from level three and four private hospitals private hospitals in Kiambu county. Institutional Theory, which emphasizes mimetic isomorphism—where organizations emulate the structures and practices of successful peers to enhance legitimacy and performance guided the study. A descriptive research design was adopted, and data was collected from 248 respondents, constituting corporate executives, human resource managers, finance officers, and information technology managers. Structured questionnaires with both open-ended and closed questions were used to gather quantitative and qualitative data. Descriptive statistics (percentages, means, and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (multiple regression) was employed for quantitative analysis, while thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. Findings revealed that strategic partnerships significantly enhance hospital performance, with alignment of goals, vision, and mission showing the strongest influence, followed by operational efficiency. The study recommends that private hospitals cultivate strategic partnerships aligned with institutional objectives to improve efficiency, revenue growth, and staff productivity, offering valuable insights for hospital administrators and policymakers. Key words: Strategic partnerships, Private hospitals, Kiambu County, Organizational performance, Alignment of goals, vision, and mission, Operational efficiency, Institutional Theory, Mimetic isomorphism, Healthcare performance, Efficiency, Revenue growth, Staff productivity, Resource sharing, Technology adoption, Stakeholder trust
Influence of Strategic Management Practices on Internal Innovation in Commercial Banks in Kenya
In today’s rapidly evolving financial landscape, internal innovation has become a critical driver of competitiveness in the commercial banking sector. The study examined the influence of strategic management practices on internal innovation in commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, it analyzed the roles of organizational culture, leadership engagement, resource allocation, and incentive systems. A mixed-methods design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. A total of 144 questionnaires were distributed to the sampled respondents, out of which 115 were duly completed and returned, representing a response rate of 80%. The data obtained was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results revealed that organizational culture, leadership engagement, resource allocation, and incentive systems each had a statistically significant positive influence on internal innovation (p < 0.05). Tier analysis showed that these effects were strongest in Tier 1 banks, reflecting greater structural and resource capacity. Organizational readiness further moderated the relationship between strategic management practices and innovation, highlighting the importance of adaptability. The study recommends that commercial banks establish innovation budgets, strengthen leadership involvement, align culture with innovation goals, and implement transparent incentive systems to enhance innovation and sustain competitiveness. This study contributes to the literature by providing tier-based evidence on how strategic management practices shape innovation in Kenya’s banking sector. Keywords: Internal innovation, strategic management practices, organizational culture.
Transformational Leadership and Organisational Performance of Plastic Manufacturing Companies in Nairobi and Kiambu, Kenya
Globalisation and technological change continue to reshape organisational performance in Kenya’s plastic manufacturing companies, which contribute about 7% to the national manufacturing industry. This study examined the effect of transformational leadership on organisational performance among plastic manufacturing firms in Nairobi and Kiambu Counties. Guided by Transformational Leadership Theory, Organisational Performance Theory, and the Resource-Based View (RBV), the research focused on four dimensions of transformational leadership idealised influence, inspirational motivation, individualised consideration, and intellectual stimulation and their impact on both financial (market share, revenue growth) and non-financial (employee satisfaction) outcomes. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 360 respondents selected through stratified random sampling and analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression. The findings indicated that all four leadership dimensions significantly enhance performance, with idealised influence and intellectual stimulation showing the strongest effects. Employee-driven innovation and problem-solving emerged as key mediators of performance improvement. The study concludes that an integrated transformational leadership approach anchored in ethical behaviour, environmental wellness and technological creativity is critical for sustaining competitiveness and growth. It recommends further research on organisational culture, external dynamics, and enhanced policy support from the Kenya Association of Manufacturers to promote ESG practices and innovation in the industry. Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Organizational Performance, Plastic Manufacturing, Idealized Influence, Intellectual Stimulation.
Green Supply Chain Management Practices and Performance of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Manufacturing Firms in Machakos County, Kenya
The study investigated the relationship between green supply chain management (GSCM) practices and the performance of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) manufacturing firms in Kenya. Recognizing that FMCG firms account for approximately 13% of global carbon emissions, the research examined how green manufacturing, green packaging, green marketing, and green procurement contribute to firm performance. Grounded in the resource-based view, triple bottom line theory, and resource dependence theory, the study adopted a descriptive design targeting seven FMCG firms in Machakos County, with data collected from 150 respondents across procurement, operations, marketing, and production departments. Structured questionnaires and statistical techniques, including correlation and regression analysis, were employed to assess relationships. Findings revealed significant positive correlations between GSCM practices and firm performance. Green procurement exhibited a moderate but meaningful impact (r = 0.473; p < 0.05), indicating that sustainable sourcing improved efficiency and cost management. Green packaging demonstrated a stronger association (r = 0.541; p < 0.05), enhancing brand image, cost savings, and compliance. Green manufacturing showed an even higher effect (r = 0.641; p < 0.05), highlighting the importance of energy-efficient and environmentally responsible production processes. Green marketing recorded the strongest influence (r = 0.741; p < 0.05), demonstrating that eco-conscious branding and promotional strategies boosted customer loyalty and financial outcomes. The study concluded that integrating green procurement, packaging, manufacturing, and marketing is critical for competitiveness, sustainability, and compliance. It recommended reinforcing green practices and proposed further research on their role in operational efficiency, risk mitigation, and supply chain resilience. Keywords: Green supply chain management, firm performance, green procurement, green packaging, green manufacturing, green marketing, sustainability
Influence of Digital Divide on Procurement Performance of Textiles Manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi County, Kenya
Digital technologies have become essential in improving procurement processes, enhancing transparency, and reducing operational costs. However, small and medium-sized textile manufacturers in Nairobi County continue to experience challenges in adopting and effectively utilizing these technologies. This study examined how the digital divide influences procurement performance within the textile manufacturing sector in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study, guided by the Technology Acceptance Model, the Resource-Based View, and Institutional Theory, adopted a descriptive and explanatory research design targeting 312 registered textile manufacturing enterprises in Nairobi County, employing a two-stage sampling approach that utilized simple random sampling to select SMEs and purposive sampling to identify key respondents including owners, managers, and procurement officers. Data were obtained from fifty-nine respondents using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression using SPSS version 26.0. Findings revealed that while all four digital dimensions had positive correlations with procurement performance, only textile-specific digital applications and digital collaboration tools emerged as statistically significant predictors of performance in the regression model. General digital procurement technologies and digital supply platforms, though beneficial, did not demonstrate significant predictive power when combined with other factors, likely due to implementation challenges, inadequate training, and infrastructure limitations. The study concludes that enhancing digital capacity through sector-specific solutions and collaborative platforms can substantially improve procurement efficiency and competitiveness in the textile sector. It recommends prioritizing investment in industry-tailored digital systems, establishing continuous digital skills development programs for procurement professionals, strengthening ICT infrastructure particularly internet connectivity, and fostering public-private collaborations to provide affordable access to textile-specific technologies. Future research should extend the study to other manufacturing sectors, employ longitudinal or mixed-method approaches to examine how digital procurement capabilities evolve over time, and investigate the moderating effects of organizational factors such as firm size, financial capacity, and leadership support on digital adoption outcomes. Keywords: Digital divide, Digital tools, Procurement performance, Textile SMEs, Nairobi County.
Recruitment and Selection Process and Employee Performance in County Government: A Case of County Government of Uasin Gishu, Kenya.
The study examined the effect of the recruitment and selection process on employee performance in the County Government of Uasin Gishu, Kenya. Anchored on the Human Capital Theory, the study posits that effective recruitment and selection process represents strategic investments in human capital that enhance productivity and organizational success. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting 216 employees across key departments including Human Resources, Finance, Logistics, Supply Chain, and Information Technology. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, while secondary data were sourced from relevant literature and institutional documents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression analysis with the aid of SPSS Version 23. Findings revealed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between recruitment and selection processes and employee performance (r = 0.697, p < 0.001). The regression analysis indicated that recruitment and selection accounted for 57.7% (R² = 0.577) of the variation in employee performance, with an unstandardized coefficient (B = 0.407) and a standardized coefficient (Beta = 0.401), confirming that improvements in recruitment and selection directly enhance performance outcomes. The results affirm that structured, merit-based, and competency-oriented recruitment systems characterized by fair advertising, skills assessment, and referrals lead to better employee engagement, productivity, and organizational effectiveness. The study concludes that effective recruitment and selection practices are critical for building a high-performing workforce in the public sector. It recommends that the County Government of Uasin Gishu enhance its recruitment framework through technology integration, diversity promotion, and emphasis on cultural fit to sustain high levels of employee performance and institutional resilience. Keywords: Recruitment, Selection, Employee Performance, Human Capital Theory
Transport Outsourcing of Medical Waste Disposal as a Performance Enhancer: A Case Study of Private Healthcare Facilities in Nyeri County, Kenya
The performance of private healthcare facilities is increasingly strained due to inefficiencies in medical waste management. Many healthcare institutions face challenges with high operating expenses, regulatory non-compliance, and insufficient technological skills, even if outsourcing is a feasible method to increase efficiency. This study sought to determine the influence of transport outsourcing in medical waste disposal on performance of private healthcare facilities in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study was grounded on the resource-based view theory and used an explanatory research design to examine the influence of transport outsourcing in medical waste disposal on the performance of private healthcare facilities in Nyeri County. The target population was 280 respondents, comprising 140 hospital administrators and 140 procurement officers from 140 private healthcare facilities. A census approach was adopted to include all respondents. Data was collected using structured questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale, ensuring consistency and alignment with study objectives. A pilot study with 28 respondents was conducted in Kerugoya, Kirinyaga County. Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha with a threshold of 0.7. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 24, and findings were presented in tables. Findings showed that transport outsourcing (r = 0.763, p = 0.000) has a positive and significant relationship with performance of private healthcare facilities in Nyeri county, Kenya. The study found that clearly defined schedules by service providers were noted to improve the efficiency in operations, though there are gaps in the availability of 24/7 services. The study recommends that healthcare facilities in Nyeri County strengthen transport outsourcing through clear contractual clauses on timelines, compliance, and penalties for delays, while maintaining minimal backup capacity for emergencies. It further recommends that the Ministry of Health set minimum performance standards and establish a monitoring and accreditation framework to ensure only reliable providers are contracted. Keywords: Transport outsourcing, medical waste disposal, Manufacturing SMEs, Performance, private healthcare facilities, Nyeri County, Kenya.
The Influence of Tendering Principles on Procurement Performance in the County Government of Kiambu, Kenya
Enhancement of procurement performance in public entities requires effective implementation of tendering principles of transparency. This study investigated the influence on procurement performance in the County Government of Kiambu. The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 216 county employees, with a sample size of 140 respondents selected through stratified and random sampling techniques. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistic. The findings revealed that competitive procurement had a positive and significant effect on procurement performance, transparency had the strongest effect while accountability also significantly influenced performance. The study concluded that transparency was the most influential tendering principle, followed by accountability and competitive procurement last. The study recommended that Improving procurement performance in county governments therefore requires disclosure mechanisms, ensuring accountability frameworks are adopted and followed, and competitive bidding processes are upheld. Additionally, effective use of the existing digital procurement platforms, simplified bidding procedures, and enhanced contract monitoring be strengthened. At policy level institutionalizing mandatory tender disclosure, implementing inclusive supplier registration frameworks, and providing legal protections for whistleblowers would assist in attaining higher procurement performance in public entities. Keywords: Tendering Principles, Accountability, Competition, Transparency, Procurement Performance
Mergers and Acquisitions and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
This research analyzed the impacts of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on the performance of Kenya's commercial banks. The research aimed to investigate the degree to which synergy realization, merger form, and integration effectiveness shape key performance indicators like return on asset (ROA), return on own equity (ROE), and net interest margin. The research adopted a descriptive and explanatory design using both quantitative and qualitative data. A questionnaire was also systematically filled up by management personnel of respective merged banks, and secondary data was taken from publicly available accounts from 2016 to 2023. Panel regression analysis was utilized for determining the relation of independent variables with financial performance. The findings revealed that synergy realization and integration effectiveness significantly and positively influenced financial performance, while merger type exerted a moderate but significant effect depending on whether the merger was horizontal, vertical, or conglomerate. The study concludes that successful M&As in Kenya’s banking sector depend not only on strategic intent but also on effective post-merger integration and synergy management. The results provide empirical evidence useful for bank executives, regulators, and policymakers seeking to enhance the long-term success of consolidation strategies. Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions, Synergy, Merger Type, Integration Effectiveness, Financial Performance, Commercial Banks, Kenya
Financial Record Management Skills on Utilization of Women Enterprise Funds in Nakuru East Sub-County, Kenya
Despite the establishment of the Women Enterprise Fund (WEF) to promote women’s economic empowerment in Kenya, utilization of the funds remains significantly low. In Nakuru East Sub-County, only about 28% of eligible women’s groups have successfully accessed and effectively utilized these funds therefore the study sought to assess the effect of financial record management skills on the utilization of Women Enterprise Funds among women’s groups in Nakuru East Sub-County, Kenya. The study was grounded on information asymmetry theory, and adopted a descriptive research design. The target population comprised 963 officials (chairpersons, treasurers, and secretaries) drawn from 321 registered women’s groups. A sample size of 91 respondents was determined using Nassiuma’s formula and selected through stratified random sampling across the five wards of Nakuru East Sub-County. Primary data were collected using self-administered semi-structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of SPSS Version 26. The study established a positive and statistically significant relationship between financial management record skills and the utilization of women enterprise funds at (β = 0.233, t = 2.877, p = .016), indicating that improved record-keeping positively influences fund utilization. The study recommends that government agencies and WEF officers should provide continuous training and mentorship on bookkeeping and financial reporting. Women’s groups should adopt standardized financial record systems to improve accountability and transparency. Lastly, periodic monitoring and evaluation should be conducted to ensure effective utilization of the funds. Key words: Women Enterprise Fund, financial record management, women empowerment, fund utilization, Nakuru East Sub-County
Process Innovation Strategies on The Performance Of Transport Companies In Nairobi, Kenya
The performance of public transport companies in Nairobi faces multifaceted challenges that significantly hinder efficiency, reliability, and customer satisfaction. Chronic traffic congestion is estimated to cost Nairobi up to KES 100 billion annually in lost productivity due to time delays and fuel wastage. Consequently, there is a pressing need to explore how innovation strategies can be leveraged to address these challenges and enhance the performance of public transport companies. This study aimed to establish the effect of process innovation strategies on the performance of transport companies in Nairobi, Kenya. Roger’s theory on diffusion of innovation anchored the study. This study was limited to Metro, Orokise and River of God Transport companies based on a report by the National Transport Services Authority indicating that these companies had adopted innovative customer service practices and the respondents were employees of the three transport companies. This study adopted descriptive research design. Seven hundred and sixty-four (764) employees working for Metro, Orokise and River of God Transport companies were targeted. Sample size was 263 respondents drawn from the employees (managers and supervisors, drivers and conductors) from the three transport companies. Data was gathered through questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Both descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (correlation and linear regression) were performed. Descriptive results showed that the respondents agreed to a great extent that process innovation strategies affected the performance of transport companies in Nairobi, Kenya. Regression findings revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between process innovation strategies and performance. Furthermore, process innovation strategies were strongly and positively correlated with performance. Key words: Process innovation strategies, performance, transport companies
Effect of Integrity Practice on The Performance of Meru County Government, Kenya
Effective performance is critical for county governments to optimize resource utilization, implement development projects, and enhance public satisfaction. However, Meru County faces significant performance challenges rooted in weak governance practices, particularly in the area of integrity. This study investigated the effect of integrity practices on the performance of Meru County Government in Kenya, focusing on codes of ethics, anti-corruption strategies, and conflict of interest policies. The study employed a descriptive research design, the target population was 200 respondents, including elected officials, county executive committee members, chief officers, departmental directors, senior managers, mid-level managers, and operational staff. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires based on a five-point Likert scale and analysed with SPSS version 26 for descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicate that integrity practice positively influence governance, resource utilization, and service delivery, though inconsistent enforcement and limited public awareness hinder effectiveness. Regression analysis shows a significant relationship (β = 0.38, p < 0.05) between integrity and performance. Recommendations include strengthening policy enforcement, enhancing public awareness, and improving whistle-blower protection to boost public trust and performance. Keywords: Integrity Practice, Performance, Meru County Government, Kenya
Effect of Advertising Channels on Brand Awareness Among Private Tea Factories in Limuru Sub – County, Kenya
While the general impact of advertising on brand awareness is well-documented, there remains a notable research gap concerning the effectiveness of specific media channels within Kenya’s vital tea processing sector. It points to the capability of possible buyers to spot or recall a brand, a key factor that greatly influences what they decide to buy. This study investigated the effect of various advertising channels namely newspaper, radio, billboard, and social media on brand awareness in the tea manufacturing sector. The theoretical framework incorporated are Market Response Theory, Cognitive Response Theory, Affective Response Theory, and Persuasive Hierarchy Theory. Data was collected from 72 employees from Limuru Tea Factories. Data was collected through a questionnaire and secondary data via document reviews. A pilot study was conducted to test the validity of the data collection instrument. The validity of the research instrument was conducted through Cronbach Alpha. Descriptive statistics was assessed using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, while inferential statistics employed multiple regression to explore the relationships between research variables. Using a descriptive research design and multiple regression analysis on data from 64 employees, the study found that all four advertising methods—newspaper, radio, billboard, and social media—had a significant and positive effect on brand awareness. Newspaper Advertising is a key indicator that strongly necessitates the establishment and development of brand awareness. The study established that the effects of Social Media Advertising on brand awareness at Limuru Tea Factories. The study suggested that comparative research be conducted to analyze the effectiveness of newspaper, radio, billboard and social media advertising in generating different types of brand awareness (brand recall, brand recognition) among various consumer segments. Keywords: Advertising, Billboard Advertising, Brand Awareness, Marketing Communication, Newspaper Advertising, Radio Advertising, Social Media Advertising.
Effect of Strategic Leadership Practices on Competitive Advantage at G4s Kenya Limited, Nairobi
A sustained competitive advantage is a prerequisite to survive in this tumultuous environment and firms without sustainable competitive advantage are at risk of vulnerability to the ever-evolving demands. This research aimed to assess the effect of strategic leadership practices on competitive advantage at G4S Kenya Limited. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the effect of strategic thinking, strategic control, strategic direction and strategic planning on competitive advantage. The theories used were resource-based view of the firm, contingency theory and the dynamic capability theory. The study used descriptive research design. The target population consisted of 120 employees from G4S Kenya Limited and the census method was used to select the sample size. Data was collected by use of a questionnaire and was analyzed used descriptive analysis. Analysis of inferential statistics was performed through linear regression. The study concluded that strategic thinking affected competitive advantage at G4S Kenya Limited whereby the results indicated that there was a positive Pearson correlation between strategic thinking and competitive advantage whereby: (r=0.894, p=0.000). The study concluded that strategy control influenced competitive advantage at G4S Kenya Limited where the correlation results indicated that there was a Pearson correlation between strategy control and competitive advantage where (r=0.901, p=0.000). The study concluded that strategic direction impacted competitive advantage at G4S Kenya Limited and the study results that there was a Pearson correlation between strategic direction and competitive advantage where (r=0.906, p=0.000). The study findings indicated that strategic planning influenced competitive advantage at G4S Kenya Limited with a Pearson correlation between strategic planning and control where (r=0.947, p=0.000). The study concluded that G4S Kenya Limited’s ability to nurture innovative thinking, embrace accountability, align its vision with operational priorities, and embed evidence-based decision-making positions it not only as a leader in Kenya’s private security industry but also as a potential global competitor. Keywords: Strategic Leadership Practices, Competitive Advantage, G4s Kenya Limited, Nairobi
Effects of Strategic Formulation on the Organizational Performance of Deposit-Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Society in Machakos Sub-County, Kenya
Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) are organizations that pool resources from their members to economically empower and grow them. To achieve this, SACCOs have invested heavily in strategic planning processes to improve their organizational performance. Despite significant investment and consistent efforts in developing strategic plans, many SACCOs have experienced poor performance, and some have collapsed with members’ savings. Additionally, some have engaged in unethical financial practices, such as obtaining loans to pay high dividends and manipulating their annual financial reports to appear financially stable. Therefore, this study investigated how strategic formulation affects organizational performance of DT SACCOs in Machakos Sub-County. Contingency theory and Balanced Scorecard served as the foundation for the study. A descriptive survey research design was used in the study. Chief executive officers, human resource managers, operations managers, financial staff, line managers, and supervisors who work with the four DT SACCOs in Machakos Sub-County that recruit members and provide SACCO products and services were the target group. Purposive sampling was used to select 62 respondents from this targeted population. The instruments applied in the study were found to be reliable, as the Cronbach alpha coefficients were above the suggested value. Descriptive statistics indicated that perceptions were high for strategic formulation (M = 4.419), and organizational performance (M = 4.137). Correlation analysis showed that there are positive and significant relationships between organizational performance and strategic formulation (r = 0.695, p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that strategic formulation (B = 0.810, t = 3.589, p = 0.001) is a significant predictor of performance. This study has found that the primary source of performance is strategic formulation, and greater attention should be paid to its implementation. Adjusted R2 stood at 0.477, and further research is recommended to identify leadership styles, external environment, and digital transformation as explanatory factors to the remaining 52.3 percent variation in performance. Keywords: Strategy formulation, performance, DT SACCOs, Machakos Sub County, Kenya
Differentiation Strategy and Patient Satisfaction in Level 5 Private Hospitals, Nairobi County, Kenya
The interplay between differentiation competitive strategy and patient satisfaction is an important concern in healthcare, particularly for Level 5 private hospitals in urban environments like Nairobi, Kenya. This study was drawn upon established theoretical frameworks including the Porter’s generic strategies and SERVQUAL Model to understand the influence of differentiation strategy on patient satisfaction. While the broader literature on strategic leadership and healthcare administration offers critical insights into competitive dynamics, a distinct gap exists in understanding the influence of specific competitive strategies such as differentiation on patient satisfaction in Nairobi City County. Patient satisfaction is a critical measure of healthcare quality, particularly in Kenya’s competitive private hospital sector, where Level 5 private hospitals play a pivotal role in delivering specialized care. This study examined the effect of differentiation strategy on patient satisfaction in Level 5 private hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design, utilizing stratified random sampling to select a sample of 99 administrative and key management personnel from a target population of 132 across 9 Level 5 private hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. Findings revealed that differentiation strategy significantly and positively influenced patient satisfaction, with quality of care, innovation, and patient-centered services as key drivers. The study concludes that investing in technology, staff training, and personalized care is essential for hospitals seeking competitive advantage through improved patient satisfaction. It recommends that private hospital managers emphasize differentiation in their strategic planning and that policymakers integrate innovation and patient-centered standards into regulatory frameworks. Keywords: Differentiation strategy, SERVQUAL Model, Patient satisfaction, Competitive strategies
Effect of Problem-Solving Strategy on Organization Performance of The Electricity Energy Sub-Sector in Kenya
The electricity energy sub-sector in Kenya plays a pivotal role in driving the country’s economic growth, industrialization and social transformation. The government has invested heavily in the sector, channelling billions of shillings into generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure. Despite these milestones, the performance of the electricity energy sub-sector remains below optimal levels. Persistent challenges such as frequent power outages, high system losses, aging infrastructure and high costs of electricity undermine the sector’s ability to deliver reliable and affordable energy therefore the study sought to assess the effect of problem-solving strategies on organization performance of the electricity energy Sub-Sector in Kenya. The study was anchored on dynamic capabilities theory. The study adopted a pragmatist philosophy and employed a mixed-method convergence design, collecting primary data through questionnaires and interviews from 199 respondents comprising top, middle, and lower-level management across all six companies in Kenya's electricity energy sub-sector. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data were analyzed thematically using NVivo, with reliability assessed through Cronbach's Alpha at 0.7 threshold and validity tested through a pilot study involving 18 respondents from Rabai Power Ltd Kenya. The study found that problem-solving strategy, characterized by effective monitoring systems for early problem identification, structured evaluation techniques using root cause analysis, and strategically aligned solutions implemented within agreed timelines, significantly enhances organizational performance in Kenya's electricity energy sub-sector, though gaps exist in documentation practices and employee participation in brainstorming sessions. The study concludes that problem-solving strategy has a strong and statistically significant positive effect on organizational performance in the electricity energy sub-sector in Kenya, as embedded problem-solving capabilities not only mitigate disruptions but also catalyze innovation and adaptability. The study recommends that energy institutions should invest in comprehensive internal capacity-building programs that focus on root-cause analysis, strategic thinking, and scenario planning to enhance problem-solving skills and strengthen organizational resilience. Organizations should establish robust documentation systems for problem evaluation results to institutionalize organizational learning and prevent recurrence of similar challenges. Management should create more inclusive and participatory problem-solving cultures by actively involving employees at all levels in brainstorming sessions, as frontline staff possess valuable practical insights that can lead to more innovative and effective solutions. Keywords: Government Policies, Knowledge Management Strategies, Organization Performance, Electricity Energy Sub-Sector
Financial Management Practices and Operational Performance of Waste Management Companies in Nairobi County; A Case of Taka Taka Solutions
Waste management companies in Nairobi County face persistent financial and operational challenges that compromise efficiency and sustainability. This study investigated the effect of financial management practices working capital management, cost management, and capital budgeting on operational performance, with Taka Taka Solutions serving as the case study. The moderating role of environmental regulations was also analyzed. The study employed a descriptive correlational research design targeting 350 employees, from which a stratified random sample of 203 respondents was selected. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and moderated regression models. The findings revealed that working capital management (β = 0.214, p < 0.01), cost management (β = 0.263, p < 0.01), and capital budgeting (β = 0.187, p < 0.05) each had a positive and statistically significant effect on operational performance. Environmental regulations moderated these relationships by strengthening them under supportive regimes and constraining them under restrictive ones. The study concludes that effective financial management practices are critical for enhancing the efficiency and competitiveness of waste management companies. It recommends that managers strengthen working capital systems, institutionalize cost management frameworks, and adopt rigorous capital budgeting, while policymakers harmonize regulatory frameworks and provide supportive incentives. Keywords: Financial Management Practices, Working Capital Management, Cost Management, Capital Budgeting, Environmental Regulations, Operational Performance, Waste Management
From Startup to Scale-Up: Navigating the Messy Middle
This article examines the critical transition phase from startup to scale-up, commonly referred to as "the messy middle," where businesses face complex challenges that threaten their survival and growth trajectory. While the startup phase is characterized by innovation, agility, and founder-driven decision-making, the scale-up phase demands structural transformation, operational sophistication, and strategic discipline. Many promising startups fail during this transition due to inadequate systems, cultural misalignment, resource constraints, and leadership gaps. The research finds that successful navigation of the messy middle requires deliberate attention to five core dimensions: organizational structure and governance, talent acquisition and leadership development, financial management and unit economics, operational scalability, and cultural preservation. Companies that scale successfully implement phased growth strategies, invest in middle management, establish data-driven decision-making processes, and maintain founder vision while delegating operational control. The study concludes that the messy middle is not merely a growth phase but a fundamental transformation requiring different capabilities, mindsets, and resources than those that enabled initial startup success. Without proactive management of this transition, businesses risk stagnation, inefficiency, or collapse despite having validated products and market traction. The article recommends that founders and leadership teams should anticipate the messy middle by building scalable foundations early, securing growth capital strategically, hiring for future needs rather than current gaps, and establishing metrics-driven accountability systems that balance growth ambition with operational excellence.
Startup growth, scale-up challenges, organizational transformation, business scaling
From Market Anomalies to Machine Learning: A Systematic Review of Stock Market Winners, Indices, and Digital Transformation
The study set out to revisit the anatomy of stock market winners by conducting a systematic literature review covering evidence from 1988 to 2023. The review synthesized thirty two peer-reviewed studies drawn from finance, economics, information systems, and behavioral science to assess how traditional anomalies, institutional mechanisms, and artificial intelligence-driven approaches explain superior stock performance. Guided by the PRISMA framework, inclusion criteria focused on journal articles and scholarly books with clear empirical methodologies, while opinion papers and non-financial studies were excluded. Data were extracted into a coding matrix and analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that early anomaly-based studies highlighted financial attributes such as low price-to-book ratios, accelerating earnings, and strong relative strength as enduring predictors of winners, though replication work shows diminishing abnormal returns under modern efficiency conditions. A second thematic stream revealed that institutional and structural mechanisms—including index construction, platform recognition, and data sovereignty—play a decisive role in amplifying visibility and liquidity, often shaping winners independent of fundamentals. A third theme identified artificial intelligence and behavioral dynamics as critical in contemporary markets. While deep reinforcement learning and machine learning models improved prediction and portfolio performance, concerns regarding robustness, reproducibility, and costs persist. In parallel, gamblified investing platforms were found to expose retail investors to systematic underperformance through design features that encourage excessive risk-taking. The review concludes that the anatomy of stock market winners is co-produced by financial attributes, institutional frameworks, and technological plus behavioral dynamics. It recommends that scholars integrate anomaly-based and artificial intelligence approaches, regulators promote transparent index and data governance practices, and financial platforms adopt responsible design principles to protect investors. The study contributes to ongoing debates on market efficiency and provides a multi-dimensional framework for understanding stock market winners in the era of digital transformation. Keywords: Stock market winners; Market anomalies; Efficient Market Hypothesis; Index construction; Platform recognition; Artificial intelligence in finance; Machine learning trading; Deep reinforcement learning; Data sovereignty; Gamblification of investing; Systematic literature review; Digital transformation of markets
Earnings Quality and Stock Returns of Commercial Banks Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya
The banking sector accounts for 40.3% of Kenya's Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) market capitalization, yet the relationship between earnings quality and stock returns remains underexplored despite the sector's systemic importance. During 2017-2023, NSE-listed banks experienced negative mean stock returns (-0.67%) with substantial volatility, operating within a context of regulatory interventions and economic uncertainty. This study analyzed the relationship between earnings quality dimensions (persistence, predictability, and volatility) and stock returns for 11 commercial banks listed on the NSE from 2017 to 2023. Anchored on agency theory, signaling theory, and efficient market hypothesis, the study employed a descriptive correlational design using secondary data from audited financial statements and NSE records. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and panel regression with fixed effects models and robust standard errors. Results revealed that individual earnings quality attributes had statistically insignificant direct effects on stock returns; earnings persistence had a positive but insignificant effect (coefficient = 0.0976, p = 0.540), earnings predictability exhibited a negative but insignificant relationship (coefficient = -0.0544, p = 0.651), and earnings volatility showed low positive but insignificant impact (coefficient = 0.0004, p = 0.840). However, their joint effect was statistically significant (F(3,10) = 16.32, p = 0.0004), explaining 6.98% of within-bank stock return variation. The study found significant mean reversion (30.7% correction) in stock returns and exceptional temporal stability in earnings persistence (97.31%). The study recommends comprehensive earnings quality policies addressing multiple dimensions simultaneously, holistic improvement programs for bank managers, alternative analytical frameworks for investors exploiting mean reversion patterns, and enhanced regulatory disclosure requirements with early warning systems based on earnings quality patterns. Keywords: Earnings Quality, Earnings Persistence, Earnings Predictability, Earnings Volatility, Stock Returns, Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), Commercial Banks.