Assessing The Impact Of The Green Anglican Movement On Household Climate Resilience In Kaiti, Makueni County
Abstract
One of the measures Anglican churches have taken to become more climate-resilient through their environmental stewardship is through the Green Anglican Movement (GAME). The study assessed the effectiveness of GAME initiatives in improving the climate resilience of Kaiti in Makueni County, Kenya. The study specifically focused on the effects of awareness programmes as well as tree planting, waste management, and clean energy training on household climate resilience. This study used a mixed method in which both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied. A sample of 682 members of the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) from the Ukia Deanery was selected via stratified and purposive sampling techniques, of which 215 participants were targeted. The data collected were both quantitative and qualitative with the help of structured questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, linear regression, and thematic analysis. The results indicated that awareness programs had a positive and significant impact on climate resilience (β = 0.350, p < 0.05), while education about tree planting had a more positive and significant effect (β = 0.410, p < 0.01). Both waste management training (β = 0.320, p < 0.05) and clean energy training (β = 0.406, p < 0.05) also had significant positive impacts on household resilience. In conclusion, the study argues that faith-based environmental programs help advance environmental sustainability and community climate resilience.
Keywords: Climate resilience, Green Anglican Movement, Faith-based environmental stewardship, Tree planting, Clean energy, Waste management, Kenya.
References
Abubakar, I., et al. (2022). Solid waste management and climate resilience in developing countries. Environmental Sustainability Review, 14(2), 88–103.
African Union. (2022). Climate adaptation strategies in Africa. African Union Commission.
Al Mamun, A., et al. (2013). Stewardship theory and environmental governance. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(5), 45–56.
Anabaraonye, B., et al. (2022). Tree planting and climate resilience in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 9(4), 45–58.
Benhacene, M., & Hussien, A. (2025). Renewable energy and sustainable development. Energy Sustainability Journal, 18(1), 55–72.
Bomberg, E., & Hague, A. (2018). Faith-based environmentalism and collective action. Environmental Politics, 27(5), 897–918.
Boorse, D., & Jablonski, M. (2024). Faith-based organizations and climate action. Journal of Religion and Sustainability, 12(1), 33–49.
Campbell, S., et al. (2020). Purposive sampling in qualitative research. Qualitative Research Journal, 20(4), 652–661.
Chambers, R., & Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS Discussion Paper.
Chaudhary, P., et al. (2024). Waste management and climate mitigation strategies. Environmental Management Review, 16(3), 101–117.
Conradie, E. (2020). Ecotheology and environmental ethics. Journal of Theology and Ecology, 11(2), 77–94.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Department of Lands. (2021). Climate change and land degradation report in Kenya. Government Printer.
Dharmarathne, S., et al. (2024). Climate change and household resilience. Global Environmental Studies, 19(1), 25–40.
Donaldson, L., & Davis, J. (1991). Stewardship theory or agency theory. Australian Journal of Management, 16(1), 49–64.
Ebi, K., et al. (2021). Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa. Climate and Development, 13(5), 401–415.
Eichinger, M., et al. (2022). Climate awareness and behavioral change among youth. Environmental Education Research, 28(6), 822–839.
Etikan, I., et al. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4.
Hasselqvist, H., et al. (2022). Household energy systems and climate resilience. Energy Research and Social Science, 85, 102421.
Hearn, R., et al. (2024). Religious organizations and environmental sustainability. Journal of Environmental Sociology, 14(1), 88–103.
Kurniawan, T., et al. (2024). Sustainable waste management and circular economy approaches. Waste Management Journal, 32(4), 210–226.
Martell, L. (2016). Religion and environmental stewardship. Theology and Ecology Review, 8(3), 50–68.
Martin, C., et al. (2021). Global tree planting initiatives and environmental conservation. Biological Conservation, 255, 109–120.
Mbah, P., & Liberty, O. (2025). Indigenous knowledge and climate education in Africa. African Journal of Climate Studies, 10(1), 44–61.
Mutura, P., et al. (2024). Solar energy adoption and household resilience in Kenya. African Energy Journal, 11(2), 67–81.
Naeem, M., et al. (2023). Thematic analysis in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 1–12.
Natarajan, N., et al. (2022). Sustainable livelihoods framework and climate resilience. Sustainability Science, 17(4), 1301–1315.
Ogunode, N., et al. (2025). Climate adaptation and local institutions in Africa. African Development Review, 37(1), 88–104.
Oino, P., & Musau, J. (2024). Faith-based environmental stewardship in Kenya. Journal of African Environmental Studies, 6(2), 112–129.
Okorondu, F., et al. (2024). Waste management and environmental sustainability. Environmental Sustainability Review, 15(2), 91–108.
Pastoriza, D., & Arino, M. (2008). Stewardship theory and organizational leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(2), 403–416.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Puglisi, A., & Buitendag, J. (2022). Religion and environmental transformation. Journal for the Study of Religion, 35(1), 1–18.
Rakshit, P. (2024). Community participation in tree planting initiatives. Environmental Conservation Journal, 29(1), 66–80.
Ratanya, P., & Ratanya Mukaria, J. (2021). Ecotheology and environmental stewardship in Africa. African Journal of Theology, 40(2), 91–108.
Ruiz-Mallén, I., et al. (2022). Environmental education and climate resilience. Urban Sustainability Review, 7(3), 120–139.
Salter, J., & Wilkinson, K. (2023). Religious perspectives and climate change adaptation. Journal of Faith and Environment, 18(2), 56–72.
Schillemans, T., & Bjurstrom, K. (2019). Trust and stewardship in governance. Public Administration Review, 79(2), 261–270.
Solesbury, W. (2003). Sustainable livelihoods: A case study of the evolution of DFID policy. Overseas Development Institute.
Suman, R. (2021). Renewable energy adoption and climate adaptation in Nepal. Energy and Environment Journal, 15(1), 78–92.
Thomas, R., et al. (2023). Decentralized waste management and community resilience. Journal of Environmental Planning, 19(2), 145–162.
Torfing, J., & Bentzen, T. (2020). Leadership, stewardship, and collaborative governance. Public Management Review, 22(9), 1363–1382.
Turner-Skoff, J., & Cavender, N. (2019). Trees and sustainable communities. Urban Forestry Journal, 25(3), 201–214.
Van Teijlingen, E., & Hundley, V. (2001). The importance of pilot studies. Nursing Standard, 16(40), 33–36.